Human-wildlife coexistence: Review of piloted solutions in the Kangchenjunga Landscape

This convening paper presents key insights from a regional workshop on human–wildlife coexistence held in November 2025 in the Kangchenjunga Landscape, spanning Bhutan, India, and Nepal. It synthesises lessons from pilot interventions addressing human–wildlife conflict—particularly with elephants—highlighting effective, community-driven solutions such as rapid response teams, early warning systems, watchtowers, and practical fencing models. The paper also examines challenges, including sustainability and limited uptake of certain interventions, and outlines strategic recommendations for scaling, strengthening local ownership, and enhancing transboundary coordination. It serves as a practical guide for policymakers, practitioners, and communities seeking to foster safer and more sustainable coexistence between people and wildlife in mountain landscapes.