The Hindu Kush Himalayas provide water, ecosystem services, and livelihoods to more than 210 million people in the region. The rivers that originate in the mountains provide fresh water to more than 1.3 billion people downstream and sustain the grain basket of Asia. Various socioeconomic and environmental changes are threatening these resources and posing new challenges for the people in the region, as well as for decision makers and development practitioners. These changes include decreasing natural resources, increased incidences of extreme weather conditions and disasters like drought and floods, and growing outmigration from rural areas as people seek opportunities in cities and abroad.