From Red to Green to Grey Hills - Reflections on the Four‑Decade‑Long Journey of Community Forestry and Environmental Justice in Nepal

Community forestry in Nepal has significantly influenced the country's theories, policies, practices, and landscapes. The decentralized approach has led to a notable increase in forest cover, improved well-being, and strengthened local leadership. In contrast, the centralized approach during the Red Hills phase, where the state controlled the forests, resulted in degradation and environmental injustices, benefiting elites while burdening the poor and marginalized.

Under the Green Hills phase, community forestry provided local communities with access to forest resources, promoting sustainable management and supporting livelihoods. However, issues of environmental injustice persisted, particularly the unequal participation of marginalized groups such as women, ethnic communities, and Dalits in decision-making processes. This has laid the groundwork for continued injustice in the current Grey Hills era. Achieving environmental justice in community forestry requires ending marginalization and ensuring fair and just processes and outcomes.