Mountain ecosystems provide benefits (ecological, socio-cultural, and economic) to human society, but their importance is not fully understood. Under the European Union-funded Rural Livelihoods and Climate Change Adaptation in the Himalayas (Himalica) initiative, the Royal Society for Protection of Nature (RSPN) and the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) carried out a study to understand the state and dynamics of major ecosystems in Barshong, Bhutan, and their value for communities. The results will help plan development strategies. Methodology