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DÃaz, S.; Demissew, S.; Carabias, J.; Joly, C.; Lonsdale, M.; Ash, N.; Larigauderie, A.; Adhikari, J. R.; Arico, S.; Báldi, A.; Bartuska, A.; Baste, I. A.; Bilgin, A.; Brondizio, E.; Chan, K. M. A.; Figueroa, V. E.; Duraiappah, A.; Fischer, M.; Hill, R.; Koetz, T.; Leadley, P.; Lyver, P.; Mace, G. M.; Martin-Lopez, B.; Okumura, M.; Pacheco, D.; Pascual, U.; Pérez, E. S.; Reyers, B.; Roth, E.; Saito, O.; Scholes, R. J.; Sharma, N.; Tallis, H.; Thaman, R.; Watson, R.; Yahara, T.; Hamid, Z. A.; Akosim, C.; Al-Hafedh, Y.; Allahverdiyev, R.; Amankwah, E.; Asah, T. S.; Asfaw, Z.; Bartus, G.; Brooks, A. L.; Caillaux, J.; Dalle, G.; Darnaedi, D.; Driver, A.; Erpul, G.; Escobar-Eyzaguirre, P.; Failler, P.; Fouda, A. M. M.; Fu, B.; Gundimeda, H.; Hashimoto, S.; Homer, F.; Lavorel, S.; Lichtenstein, G.; Mala, W. A.; Mandivenyi, W.; Matczak, P.; Mbizvo, C.; Mehrdadi, M.; Metzger, J. P.; Mikissa, J. B.; Moller, H.; Mooney, H. A.; Mumby, P.; Nagendra, H.; Nesshover, C.; Oteng-Yeboah, A. A.; Pataki, G.; Roué, M.; Rubis, J.; Schultz, M.; Smith, P.; Sumaila, R.; Takeuchi, K.; Thomas, S.; Verma, M.; Yeo-Chang, Y.; Zlatanova, D.
The first public product of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is its Conceptual Framework
. This conceptual and analytical tool, presented here in detail, will underpin all IPBES functions and provide structure and comparability to the syntheses that IPBES will produce at different spatial scales, on different themes, and in different regions. Salient innovative aspects of the IPBES Conceptual Framework are its transparent and participatory construction process and its explicit consideration of diverse scientific disciplines, stakeholders, and knowledge systems, including indigenous and local knowledge. Because the focus on co-construction of integrative knowledge is shared by an increasing number of initiatives worldwide, this framework should be useful beyond IPBES, for the wider research and knowledge-policy communities working on the links between nature and people, such as natural, social and engineering scientists, policy-makers at different levels, and decision-makers in different sectors of society
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Laurance, W. F.; Carolina Useche, D.; Rendeiro, J.; Kalka, M.; Bradshaw, C. J. A.; Sloan, S. P.; Laurance, S. G.; Campbell, M.; Abernethy, K.; Alvarez, P.; Arroyo-Rodriguez, V.; Ashton, P.; Benitez-Malvido, J.; Blom, A.; Bobo, K. S.; Cannon, C. H.; Cao, M.; Carroll, R.; Chapman, C.; Coates, R.; Cords, M.; Danielsen, F.; De Dijn, B.; Dinerstein, E.; Donnelly, M. A.; Edwards, D.; Edwards, F.; Farwig, N.; Fashing, P.; Forget, P.-M.; Foster, M.; Gale, G.; Harris, D.; Harrison, R.; Hart, J.; Karpanty, S.; John Kress, W.; Krishnaswamy, J.; Logsdon, W.; Lovett, J.; Magnusson, W.; Maisels, F.; Marshall, A. R.; McClearn, D.; Mudappa, D.; Nielsen, M. R.; Pearson, R.; Pitman, N.; van der Ploeg, J.; Plumptre, A.; Poulsen, J.; Quesada, M.; Rainey, H.; Robinson, D.; Roetgers, C.; Rovero, F.; Scatena, F.; Schulze, C.; Sheil, D.; Struhsaker, T.; Terborgh, J.; Thomas, D.; Timm, R.; Nicolas Urbina-Cardona, J.; Vasudevan, K.; Joseph Wright, S.; Carlos Arias-G, J.; Arroyo, L.; Ashton, M.; Auzel, P.; Babaasa, D.; Babweteera, F.; Baker, P.; Banki, O.; Bass, M.; Bila-Isia, I.; Blake, S.; Brockelman, W.; Brokaw, N.; Bruhl, C. A.; Bunyavejchewin, S.; Chao, J.-T.; Chave, J.; Chellam, R.; Clark, C. J.; Clavijo, J.; Congdon, R.; Corlett, R.; Dattaraja, H. S.; Dave, C.; Davies, G.; de Mello Beisiegel, B.; Nazare Paes da Silva, R. d.; Di Fiore, A.; Diesmos, A.; Dirzo, R.; Doran-Sheehy, D.; Eaton, M.; Emmons, L.; Estrada, A.; Ewango, C.; Fedigan, L.; Feer, F.; Fruth, B.; Giacalone Willis, J.; Goodale, U.; Goodman, S.; Guix, J. C.; Guthiga, P.; Haber, W.; Hamer, K.; Herbinger, I.; Hill, J.; Huang, Z.; Fang Sun, I.; Ickes, K.; Itoh, A.; Ivanauskas, N.; Jackes, B.; Janovec, J.; Janzen, D.; Jiangming, M.; Jin, C.; Jones, T.; Justiniano, H.; Kalko, E.; Kasangaki, A.; Killeen, T.; King, H.-b.; Klop, E.; Knott, C.; Kone, I.; Kudavidanage, E.; Lahoz da Silva Ribeiro, J.; Lattke, J.; Laval, R.; Lawton, R.; Leal, M.; Leighton, M.; Lentino, M.; Leonel, C.; Lindsell, J.; Ling-Ling, L.; Eduard Linsenmair, K.; Losos, E.; Lugo, A.; Lwanga, J.; Mack, A. L.; Martins, M.; Scott McGraw, W.; McNab, R.; Montag, L.; Myers Thompson, J.; Nabe-Nielsen, J.; Nakagawa, M.; Nepal, S.; Norconk, M.; Novotny, V.; O'Donnell, S.; Opiang, M.; Ouboter, P.; Parker, K.; Parthasarathy, N.; Pisciotta, K.; Prawiradilaga, D.; Pringle, C.; Rajathurai, S.; Reichard, U.; Reinartz, G.; Renton, K.; Reynolds, G.; Reynolds, V.; Riley, E.; Rodel, M.-O.; Rothman, J.; Round, P.; Sakai, S.; Sanaiotti, T.; Savini, T.; Schaab, G.; Seidensticker, J.; Siaka, A.; Silman, M. R.; Smith, T. B.; Almeida, S. S. d.; Sodhi, N.; Stanford, C.; Stewart, K.; Stokes, E.; Stoner, K. E.; Sukumar, R.; Surbeck, M.; Tobler, M.; Tscharntke, T.; Turkalo, A.; Umapathy, G.; van Weerd, M.; Vega Rivera, J.; Venkataraman, M.; Venn, L.; Verea, C.; Volkmer de Castilho, C.; Waltert, M.; Wang, B.; Watts, D.; Weber, W.; West, P.; Whitacre, D.; Whitney, K.; Wilkie, D.; Williams, S.; Wright, D. D.; Wright, P.; Xiankai, L.; Yonzon, P.; Zamzani, F.
The rapid disruption of tropical forests probably imperils global biodiversity more than any other contemporary phenomenon
. With deforestation advancing quickly, protected areas are increasingly becoming final refuges for threatened species and natural ecosystem processes. However, many protected areas in the tropics are themselves vulnerable to human encroachment and other environmental stresses. As pressures mount, it is vital to know whether existing reserves can sustain their biodiversity. A critical constraint in addressing this question has been that data describing a broad array of biodiversity groups have been unavailable for a sufficiently large and representative sample of reserves. Here we present a uniquely comprehensive data set on changes over the past 20 to 30 years in 31 functional groups of species and 21 potential drivers of environmental change, for 60 protected areas stratified across the world’s major tropical regions. Our analysis reveals great variation in reserve ‘health’: about half of all reserves have been effective or performed passably, but the rest are experiencing an erosion of biodiversity that is often alarmingly widespread taxonomically and functionally. Habitat disruption, hunting and forest-product exploitation were the strongest predictors of declining reserve health. Crucially, environmental changes immediately outside reserves seemed nearly as important as those inside in determining their ecological fate, with changes inside reserves strongly mirroring those occurring around them. These findings suggest that tropical protected areas are often intimately linked ecologically to their surrounding habitats, and that a failure to stem broad-scale loss and degradation of such habitats could sharply increase the likelihood of serious biodiversity declines
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