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Mountain de-population poses a huge challenge in maintaining the cultural heritage and the mountain ecosystem
. We conduct a historical analysis of migration and livelihoods in Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand and conclude that migration is on the rise and the pattern and drivers of migration have changed over the decades. Whereas earlier political situation was the major driver, now it is industrialization. Depopulation affects the quality of life of the people still living in the mountains as well as the mountain ecosystems. It is important to focus on sustainable mountain development to reduce the growth inequality between the mountains and the plains, and to meet the changing aspirations of mountain population particularly the educated youth.
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Deliberation on dialectical divides is key to the success of a knowledge management for development (KM4D) relationship, be it an interpersonal relationship or interinstitutional partnerships and linkages
. A reflection on divides such as on the nature of knowledge as a public or private good is important in order to work through varying motivations influencing the formation of a partnership venture. Such a foresight needs to appreciate narratives of multiple stakeholders and interpret the phenomenon as contraries, such as dark and bright, rather than contradictories, such as black and white. In a formation period, shocks and challenges involved in a knowledge-based partnership are yet unknown, and as such a multi-stakeholder deliberation on all possible dialectical divides is important for success. However, imperfect information, human inability to process information correctly, and the rationality of an actor as influenced by the wider historical, socio-cultural, political and economic environment limit the deliberation process. In the theoretical context of Systems of Innovation (SoI) and the rubric of knowledge-based public-private partnership (PPP), this paper argues that multi-stakeholder deliberation on dialectical divides is more important than attempting to ignore or eliminate the divides. Eliminating or ignoring a divide would mean abandoning what may be a crucial stakeholder, and risks omitting an important holder or sharer of knowledge. The SoI has already been evolving in the context of low-income countries; however, its operational principles are not yet clear, and the deliberation of dialectical divides would be considered as an important operational principle of the approach
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