Market-oriented dairy farming is one of the best ways for smallholders with little land but access to sources of animal feed to earn cash income, especially as livestock are an integral component of mountain farming. Integrated with agroforestry-grassland systems, smallholder dairy farming can both provide a source of income and support environmental rehabilitation by using land to grow fodder trees and grass. This publication presents the results of a rapid appraisal study of smallholder dairy farming in the HKH carried out by ICIMOD and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in collaboration with national partner institutions in four hill/mountain regions of the HKH (in Bhutan, Nepal, and India). Information was gathered on the existing situation, the changes taking place, and the problems that smallholder dairy farmers encounter, as a basis for making recommendations on policy development that will help more smallholder farmers to participate in this market. The book contains an overall summary of the results of the survey followed by more detailed summaries of the findings in the four different areas.