Reliable energy services support economic growth and underpin sustainable rural development. In the Gandaki River basin of Nepal, this energy comes from different sources – ranging from the national grid and imported fuels like kerosene and gas, to local, sustainable sources like biofuel, solar, and micro hydro. Understanding the ‘energy mix’ – and gaps – will support policy and planning that leads to sustainable development in rural communities that are struggling to improve their lives and livelihoods in a time of uncertainty.