he Brahamaputra-Salween Landscape (BSL) is an exceptionally biodiversity rich area of the eastern Himalayas shared by China, India, and Myanmar. Formal boundary delineation for the landscape will take place through further consultation among the three countries; the provisional extent of the BSL is shown in Figure 1 and includes a number of adjoining protected areas (PAs) in the three countries and some adjoining areas outside. The landscape includes sev-eral well-known protected areas such as the Namdapha National Park (NNP) and Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh (India), Hkakaborazi National Park (HNP) in Kachin State (Myanmar), and Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve (GNNR) in Yunnan Province, China. These protected areas have a common ecosystem shared by many species of global importance, such as tiger, clouded leopard, snow leopard, common leopard, hollock gibbon, and Namdapha flying squirrel, as well as many endemic flowering plant species. These protected areas have not only conserved the rich biodiversity of the landscape but have also supported the livelihoods and cultural dependencies of the diverse ethnic communities living in and around them. Given the several conservation and development challenges, includ-ing climate change vulnerability, it is crucial to have an effective protected area system with long-term monitoring of biodiversity and socioeconomic systems to sustain the ecosystem services and enhance the livelihood opportunities for local people.