This report comprises Afghanistan’s Fourth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and is intended to focus primarily on assessing the degree to which Afghanistan is being successful in addressing the CBD’s 2010 Target and the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) Target 7(b) of reducing the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010. The report also documents Afghanistan’s current (i.e., 2009) efforts and progress towards meeting the following three CBD planning targets