The mountain ecosystems of Kenya include the Mount Kenya, Mount Elgon and Aberdare (Nyandarua) mountain ranges. These mountain areas have been recognized as important ecosystems with high social, spiritual, economic and environmental values. They are used as water catchments, forest reserves, national parks and agricultural land. Increasing population pressure on the natural resources of these ecosystems has led to environment and development challenges such as unsustainable utilization, conversion of forest to cropland, human-wildlife conflicts and highland-lowland resource-use conflicts. Several initiatives are involved in promoting sustainable management and conservation of these important ecosystems. The notable opportunities include changes in government policy to promote integrated and participatory interventions and existing partnerships in resource use and conservation.