This book is one of the outputs of the programme of work undertaken in 2005-2008 by IUCN's Commission on Ecosystem Management (CEM). In selecting the case studies, it was CEM's view that the Ecosystem Approach had to be applied in multiple-use landscapes where Protected Areas formed no part, or only one among several parts, of the whole ecosystem.
These cases make it clear that the 12 Principles of the Ecosystem Approach as they stand contain two major weaknesses. First, they do not address in any way the institutions through which ecosystem management stands or falls. Second, the impact of on ecosystems of markets and other economic forces is under-recognised.
