2007
  • Non-ICIMOD publication

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Open borders, closed citizenships: Nepali labor migrants in Delhi

  • Bhattrai, R.
  • Summary
Nepal and India share an 'open' border as per the agreements of a bilateral treaty signed in 1950. According to the treaty, Nepalis and Indians can travel and work across the border and are to be treated at par with the native citizens. Rural Nepalis, who have for long been suffering poverty, unemployment and more recently a civil war, have been migrating to India in thousands every year. In the 1990s, up to just under 90% of migrants from Nepal went to India. This is reducing now as migrants are going to other countries, but India still is the most common destination, with four-fifths of Nepals going to just four states: Bihar, Assam, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh (1991). Among other things, the paper analyses where Nepali migrants originate from and shows that many come from the hill and mountain areas of Nepal. In this paper, the author discusses the findings of a qualitative study conducted between 2003 to 2006 among two categories of Nepali migrants living in four clusters of Delhi: those who have and have not settled in India after prolonged period of work. The study entailed in-depth interviews with 100 labor migrants, and field observations. The interviews focused on day to day interaction between the Nepali labor migrants and the Indian state as it is embodied in the policemen and lower level administrators with whom the labor migrants mostly interact. The paper discusses the modes and processes of incorporation and subjugation of the Nepali labor migrants by the Indian market in close collaboration with the state apparatus. It also discusses the modes and processes of day-to-day resistance by the labor migrants. Based on the analysis of the data, the author argues that despite the legal rhetoric, the Indian state treats the Nepalis laborers as rights-less, non-citizens. Their precarious economic and political position means that they do not risk themselves further by demanding citizenship and labor rights from the supposedly liberal Indian state, but help grease its increasingly liberalizing economy as docile and cheap laborers. Are these the types of 'open borders' that the neo-liberal proponents of globalization trying to promote across the world? This issue is discussed at the end.
  • Published in:
    Conference: International migration, multi-local livelihoods and human security: Perspectives from Europe, Asia and Africa (30 - 31 August 2007) Institute of Social Studies, The Netherlands
  • Language:
    English
  • Published Year:
    2007
  • Publisher Name: